How do genes work?

Most genes contain the information needed to make functional molecules called proteins. (A few genes produce other molecules that help the cell assemble proteins.) The journey from gene to protein is complex and tightly controlled within each cell. It consists of two major steps: transcription and translation. Together, transcription and translation are known as gene expression.
During the process of transcription, the information stored in a gene’s DNA is transferred to a similar molecule called RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the cell nucleus. Both RNA and DNA are made up of a chain of nucleotide bases, but they have slightly different chemical properties. The type of RNA that contains the information for making a protein is called messenger RNA (mRNA) because it carries the information, or message, from the DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
Translation, the second step in getting from a gene to a protein, takes place in the cytoplasm. The mRNA interacts with a specialized complex called a ribosome, which “reads” the sequence of mRNA bases. Each sequence of three bases, called a codon, usually codes for one particular amino acid. (Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.) A type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA) assembles the protein, one amino acid at a time. Protein assembly continues until the ribosome encounters a “stop” codon (a sequence of three bases that does not code for an amino acid).
The flow of information from DNA to RNA to proteins is one of the fundamental principles of molecular biology. It is so important that it is sometimes called the “central dogma.”

What is a gene?

A gene is an operational region of the chromosomal DNA, part of which can be transcribed into a functional RNA at the correct time and place during development. Thus, the gene is composed of the transcribed region and adjacent regulatory regions.We know that it is a chain of chemical makeup consisting of the letters A, T, C, and G. Genes are the information that tell your body how to look, and even control the way you laugh or smile. Every human and animal have genes inherited from their parents. A parent passes on traits to their children when they are born. Genes are lined up on chromosomes which are in pairs. Chromosomes and genes are made of deoxyribonucleic or DNA.
Chromosomes are found inside the nucleus of the cell. Although quite small a nucleus is like a very thick and specific dictionary. It just fits inside of a cell that of course requires a microscope to see. Humans are made up of 46 chromosomes and 23 chromosomal pairs. Half of these chromosomes come from one parent and half come from the other parent. In meiosis.
Each gene has a special job to do. It carries blueprints — the instructions — for making proteins in the cell. Proteins are the building blocks for everything in your body. Things like bones, mucsles, and skin are made of proteins. Those proteins help our bodies grow, work properly, and stay healthy. Scientists today estimate that each gene in the body may make as many as 10 different proteins.